Stigma, Discrimination, and Social Exclusion

Abstract

Stigma is an important aspect of the social determinants of health, significantly influencing the distribution of health status and life opportunities for many individuals by creating inequalities and inequities. The consequence of stigma is the systematic exclusion of stigmatized individuals from life chances and opportunities, such as education, housing, employment, and health and social care. This exclusion is closely linked to social stigma, where specific traits are interpreted as “unworthy” or “discreditable,” leading to the stigmatized person being perceived as “tainted” or “discounted.”

The effects of stigma and social exclusion can be profound and destructive, resulting in isolation, low self-esteem, depression, self-harm, poor academic performance, weakened social relationships, and deteriorating physical and mental health, potentially leading to suicide.

The most effective strategy to combat social stigma is through social inclusion. It is anticipated that reducing stigma will enhance the social inclusion of many individuals globally, leading to improved health and well-being, decreased inequalities, and the elimination of discrimination, vulnerability, and marginalization. This chapter will explore several critical issues related to deviance, difference, and stigma. It will first introduce the concepts of stigma and discrimination, followed by a discussion on their impact on the health and well-being of stigmatized individuals. Special attention will be given to those experiencing mental health challenges and individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Finally, the chapter will outline strategies to combat stigma in society.