Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) Implementation in Japan: A Comparison with the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Taiwan

Abstract

The Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) guideline was introduced in Japan in 2013 by the Japanese Medical Association. Despite its implementation, challenges persist concerning NIPT’s indications, accessibility, cost coverage, and uniformity. This study aims to explore these issues by comparing Japan's NIPT practices with those of the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and Taiwan. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, CiNii, and Google. Results indicate significant differences between Japan and other countries: NIPT in Japan is restricted to pregnant women over 35 years old and is only available in certified facilities. Japan also lacks policies for informing all women about prenatal screening and NIPT, and has no guidelines regarding abortion due to fetal abnormalities. Additionally, NIPT fees are the highest in Japan and are not covered by insurance. These disparities result in unequal access to information and significant economic burdens for Japanese pregnant women. To address these issues, a more inclusive and equitable prenatal diagnosis policy, including NIPT, should be developed in Japan, taking lessons from international practices.